Global temperatures have increased in the past 100 years by an average of 0. 74° C (IPCC, 2013), with minimum temperatures increasing faster than maximum temperatures and winter temperatures increasing faster than summer temperatures (IPCC, 2013). Total annual rainfall tends to increase at the higher latitudes and near the equator, while rainfall in the sub-tropics is likely to decline and become more variable (Asseng et al., 2016). Considering probability of occurrence CLIMATE change and its hazardous impacts, it seems essential to clarify future CLIMATE. General Circulation Models is widely used to assess future CLIMATE and its probable changes. Although the outputs of these models are not appropriate for small-scale regions because of its coarse resolution. Thus, statistical or dynamical techniques are used to downscaling the outputs of these models using observed data in weather stations. Despite the fact that frequent researches has done in relation with CLIMATE and CLIMATE change, but it is unclear yet future CLIMATE, especially CLIMATE change, in Iran. The goal of this study was to present the results of CLIMATE change predictions which has been done so far in Iran, in order to help prospective studies in this field. This step can be important to consider new questions and challenges. In this study, we assessed future CLIMATE change in Iran using results of statistical downscaling studies of atmospheric-oceanic General Circulation Model’ s outputs. To do this, studies on prediction of precipitation and temperature parameters in Iran by different emission scenarios, atmospheric-oceanic General Circulation Model’ s outputs and statistical downscaling techniques were gathered. Then a comprehensive view about Iranchr('39')s future CLIMATE and specifically the CLIMATE changes presented by descriptive-content based analysis and comparison of their results. Used downscaling techniques in these researches were included: LARS-WG, SDSM, ASD, Clim-Gen and used General Circulation Models were: HADCM3, BCM2, IPCM4, MIHR, CGCM3, CCSM4 and finally used emission scenarios were A1B, A1, A2, B1, B2, RCP4. 5. Based on climatically geographical differences in Iran, the results discussed separately in six different regions across Iran. The results of various regions are different because of usage of different models and different climatological and geographical CONDITIONS. These models simulate temperature more accurate than precipitation, because of more variability and temporal discontinuity of the precipitation relative to temperature. Assessment of results in 30-year periods from 2011 to 2099 showed that in North West of Iran (Ardebil, Azarbayejan-Sharqi and Azarbayejan-Qarbi provinces), precipitation will be decreasing, decreasing-oscillating, decreasing-transitional and temperature will be increasing. Decreasing-transitional trend, in other words decrease precipitation in cold seasons and increase of it in warm seasons, lead to a decrease in the snow occurrence and an increase in the rainfall occurrence. Thus, it can affect the frequency of floods occurrence. In west and southwest region of Iran precipitation has been predicted to have different changes in various sections of it. It will be decreasing-oscillating in Kermanshah and Kordestan provinces and oscillating in Hamedan province. Precipitation will increase in Lorestan and finally it expected to decrease in Khoozestan, Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari, and Ilam. However Temperature will rise across this region. In south and south east region of Iran (Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman and sistan-va-Baloochestan provinces), precipitation will be decreasing, decreasing-oscillating, oscillating and increasing-oscillating. Also in this region, temperature expected to increase similar to other regions. In east and north east of Iran (Khorasan Shomali, Khorasan Razavi and Khorasan Jonobi provinces), temperature predicted to be increasing-oscillating, that it is different with other regions. Changes in precipitation will be oscillating and decreasing-oscillating. In the northern coasts of Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces), precipitation changes will be decreasing and increasing-oscillating and temperature changes expected to be increasing and increasing-oscillating. Thus, it expected to increase heat wave, drought, and aridness condition as the results of these changes. Precipitation changes in south of Alborz region and center of Iran (Semnan, Tehran, Qazvin, Markazi, Esfahan and Yazd provinces), will be decreasing, oscillating, increasing-oscillating. Also temperature will be increasing in this region. Considering the decreasing trend of precipitation and the increasing trend of temperature in the most of Iran, it is probable to increase the occurrence of climatic and environmental hazards such as flood, drought and heat waves in the future. These events can have serious effects on water resources, agriculture and tourism, especially in regions such as Iran where have sensitive environment.

Background and Objectives: Blood bank refrigerators play the main role in blood safety and appropriate blood production. Confirmation of their functions to maintain temperature stability with a PM program is compulsory. The main objective of this study is to identify the level of maintenance and regional CLIMATE effects on blood bank refrigerators in different blood centers.Materials and Methods: In order to study the level of maintenance and possible regional CLIMATE effects on each blood bank refrigerator, a survey on 85 local refrigerators in seven regional blood centers was carried out. In this survey, along with the amount of temperature leakage from the body and glass insulators, the quality of ribbons used was also evaluated.Results: The results obtained from this study showed the degree of temperature leakage on bodies of the fridges, metal doors, and glasses to be varied due to different factors like room humidity and temperature changes, air flow around refrigerators, and spaces between refrigerators and other appliances or wall.Conclusions: This study contributes to a higher knowledge level of local manufacturers on how better to produce blood bank refrigerators to be compatible with different CLIMATE CONDITIONS of Iran.

Understanding the climatic CONDITIONS in a tourist destination is one of the most important information needed by nature-oriented tourists. The present study aimed to investigate the TCI and HCI index to determine nature tourism in the Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests from 1996 to 2021. The results of TCI revealed that the best tourism season is autumn late and winter in December, January, and February while the most unfavorable climatic CONDITIONS are June, July, August, September, and October. Based on the results of HCI, the most favorable tourism season is related to winter and especially March month, while the status of this index is acceptable from June to October. In general, the results of TCI and HCI indicate that autumn to the end of winter is the best time in terms of tourism CLIMATE, and spring to summer late, has the most unfavorable CONDITIONS for visitor's presence due to the extreme heat, high humidity, and sultry CLIMATE of the area. The statistical analysis of TCI and HCI also indicates that there is a significant and direct relationship between these two indicators with climatic variables and with the increase of the final coefficient, the climatic CONDITIONS of the area will be more favorable for tourists' presence. Considering the increasing tourism industry and nature tourism development in Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests, proper planning in accordance with the favorable CONDITIONS of the tourism CLIMATE can protect this area, provide suitable infrastructure and facilities for tourists, and will also help create CONDITIONS to understand the comfortable feeling and tourist's satisfaction.

Medicinal-oil plant Camelina is a plant that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Because its most important advantage is excellent resistance to drought and cold as well. Therefore, in this study, in order to determine the best cultivation areas of Camelina in Kurdistan province based on a number of main parameters affecting the growth of this plant, statistics and daily meteorological information for 19 years in different meteorological stations of the province from 2000 to 2019 were used. Statistics and information from14 stations in neighboring provinces were also used to increase the accuracy of the created zoning maps. To create a spatial database for the study area, the required maps were entered into the ArcGIS 10. 3 software and environment and descriptive map information was added to them. Finally, based on the requirements for each of the parameters, the classification of the maps was done according to the resources used. Krigink's method was used to prepare temperature, precipitation and altitude maps. The final results showed that for Camelina cultivation, in 26259 and 7059 square kilometers, equal to 75 and 25% of the total area of the province was suitable and unsuitable respectively. In addition, Camelina susceptible areas were often located in the southern parts of the province.

Introduction: CLIMATE change has a profound influence on crop production sustainability in arid and semiarid environments. A more arid CLIMATE is usually accompanied by a higher frequency and severity of droughts.Drought prevention and mitigation has become important content of promoting economic and social sustainable development. Assessing vulnerability of agricultural crops is an effective approach in understanding the impacts of CLIMATE change and extreme climatic events on agricultural systems. In recent years vulnerability was generally considered as a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Sensitivity reflects the degree to which a given system responds to the fluctuations in stress. Adaptive capacity has been defined as the capacity of a system to adjust to the change and take advantage from it. Exposure is the possibility of the system being exposed to the concerned change in the stress. This study aims to achieve an understanding of the vulnerability of wheat and maize production, to various severities of drought CONDITIONS in the past and coming future years….

In the last few decades, the increase in the temperature of earth caused the imbalance in the planet’ s CLIMATE and also caused great changes in most parts of the planet’ s earth which named CLIMATE change. Drought is a phenomenon which can be affected a lot by the CLIMATE change. Paying attention to the changes of drought and also predicting it, can be effective in planning toward controlling and reducing its effects. In this article, by using The General Circulation of Barley HadCM3 and Lars_WG Downscaling model, under the publication scenarios B1, A1B and A2, the changes in the rainfall and daily temperature in the synoptic center of Rafsanjan in the period of 2018 to 2042 was reviewed. With considering the Determination coefficient (R2), there was a great correlation between the data acquired by the simulation, using the Lars_WG model and there was some visual data which could show the ability of the model in the future data stimulation. In the next step, RDI and EDI index were calculated for the basic period of 1993_2018 and future period of 2018_2042. Based on the results, A2 publication scenario, predicts worse CONDITIONS for future droughts of this region. Also final results showed that 2018_2019, 2020_2021, 2028_2029 and 2039_2040 faced hydrological droughts in all scenarios and the abundance of drought has increased comparing to the basic period.

Reduction in productivity of horticultural and agricultural products, increase in pests, reduction in quality of agricultural products, and threat to food security are the consequences of CLIMATE change. The impact of CLIMATE change on agriculture leads to an increase in risk and risk-taking in the field of agricultural activities. The results of the observational data review confirm the occurrence of CLIMATE change. The annual temperature anomaly of Bushehr province indicated an increase in the frequency of years with temperatures above the average from 1996 to 2021. According to the Pettitt's test, this increase is about 1.2 c˙. In addition, the significant increase in temperature at the 95% confidence level and Z values ≥ 2(in Mann-Kendall test) confirmed the occurrence of CLIMATE change in Bushehr province. The estimated data of the model for the future period confirm the continuation of the increasing trend of olive temperature thresholds for the period (2014-2040). The findings of the research indicated that with the increase in temperature for at least the following 20 years, the olive tree's cooling needs will not be met and the flowering season will occur in March instead of April. In the future, more areas will have an annual temperature of more than 26 °C. Therefore, in the future, the olive growing period will increase from 90 days to 150 days. With the increase in the number of days with temperatures above 40°C, the fruit burns more and the quality of olives decreases. Therefore, in addition to Asalouye and Dashtestan counties (1994-2019), Kangan, Jam, Deir and Dashti counties, the northern foothills of the province, and parts of Dilam (2017-2040) are added to the unsuitable olive areas. The favorable areas for olive cultivation will be moved to the west of the province.

Babolroud watershed and Mazandaran province of such as are that in recent years, different extreme events have been happened. On this basis, emphasize necessity to investigate further on impact of CLIMATE change on watershed runoff. This work is done by CLIMATE change and rainfall-runoff models that able to simulate and calculate of CLIMATE changes impact on hydrologic components Including precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and runoff. In this study, using this method, the data model HadCm3 general circulation of the atmosphere with the use of LARS WG model according to A2 (pessimist), B1(optimist) two scenarios for the time periods 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 be downscaled. Then predicted variables were introduced to SIMHYD rainfall-runoff model. The simulated daily runoff in the period 1982-2011, were selected the best period of calibration and verification with regard to the duration and optimizing statistical parameters and model sensitivity analysis process, in order to minimize the simulation error. The results showed a reasonable match of the runoff changes pattern between the observed and simulated. So that relatively high values of coefficients of determination (R2=0. 73) and Nash-Sutcliffe (0. 53) during calibration, validation, indicated the model efficiency to simulating common and minimal flow. The results, showed some changes in the average annual rate SIMHYD, +23 to +58 percent that the highest increase rate in October and November and the largest decline in July and August in the future years are. The situation of low rainfall months will be shift to more drought and rainy months toward the flooding.